ueofspecificcontentandfeatures
*Reviewscanbetime-consuming,especiallyifdonewithusers
*Withoutusers,itisdifficulttogaugethevalueofthecontentandfeaturesfound
WhencompilingthecontentrequirementsforaWebsite,includealltheobjectsyouendupwithonyourlist,regardlessofwhetheryoucanincorporatethemintoyourdesignnow.Avoidthetendencytofocusonthecontentyouhaveonhandandtoignoresuggestionsforfuturecontent.Takingthelongerviewwillhelpyoucreateaflexibledesignthatcanaccommodateexpansionovertime,includingnewcategoriesofWebobjects.
Step3:Organizetheinformation
Duringthisstep,usersarecalledupontoorganizeandstructuretheWebsiteobjectstheyidentifiedduringthepreviousstep.Theoutputofthisstepisawireframemodelofthesite.
Thisstepactuallyincludesfouractivities:cardsorting,categoryidentification,categorydescription,andcategorylabeling.Becausetheresultsofthecardsortingtaskfeeddirectlyintotheremainingthreeactivities,itmustbeperformedfirst.Theremainingthreeactivitiesaretypicallyperformedsimultaneouslyandrepeatedasnecessary.
Cardsorting
Tobetterunderstandtheuser'sconceptofhowtheinformationontheWebsiteshouldbeorganized,usethissimplecard-sortingactivity:
*Giveeachuserastackof"cards."EachcardcontainsthenameofoneWebsiteobject,withtheentirestackconsistingofalltheWebsiteobjectsidentifiedduringStep2.Thecardsmustbearrangedrandomly.Varioustools,includinglabels,wordprocessors,indexcards,andPost-It"notescanbeusedtocreatethecards.Weprefertoprinttheobjectsonlabelsandattachthelabelstoindexcards.Thisallowsustoeasilycreatemultiplesetsofcards,andtheindexcardsprovideplentyofroomtowrite.
*Lettheusersarrangethecardsastheylike.Instructtheuserstoorganizethecardsinanywaythatismeaningfultothem.Userscancreateanynumberofgroups,andeachgroupcanhaveanynumberofcardsinit.UsersarealsogivenblankindexcardsonwhichtowriteanynewWebsiteobjects(contentrequirements)they'dliketoseeonthesite.Theycanthenwritetheirnewrequirementontheblankcardandorganizeitwiththeothercards.Also,ifuserswanttoputthesamepieceofcontentintotwodifferentcategories,theycancreateasecondcardandplaceeachcardwheretheywant.
*Askuserstodescribeeachgroup.Oncetheusershavecompletedorganizingthecards,askthemtodescribeeachgroupthey'vemade.Thedescriptiondoesnotneedtobeshortandconcise(asaWebsitelabelmightbe),butrathershoulddistinguishwhytheobjectsinthatparticularcategoryweregroupedtogether.Aftertheuserhasdescribedaparticularcategory,staplethecardsinthatcategorytogetherandwritethedescriptiononthetopcard.
*Evaluatetheresults.Evaluationoftheresultsfromthisactivitycanbequantitativeorqualitative,asdesired.Wepreferamorequalitativeapproachasthenumberofindividualsparticipatinginthisactivityisusuallylow(about5-10).
OurmethodforevaluatingthecardsissimpleandresemblesthegameConcentration:WestartwithuserNo.1'ssetofcardsandlayeachstapledcategoryonatable.Then,wesortuserNo.2'scards.IfuserNo.2hasacategorythatmatchesoneofuserNo.1'scategories,weplacethecardsdirectlyontopofeachother.Ifthereisnomatch,wecreateanewcategory.Thisprocesscontinuesforeachuser'sstackofcards.
Aftercompletingthisprocess,theoverridingstructureofthesiteisfairlyapparent.TherewillbesomeWebsiteobjectsthatarealwaysgroupedtogetherandothersthatarenot.Andcertaincategorylabels(ordescriptions)willbeusedconsistentlybydifferentuserstodescribethesametypeofcontent.Don'tworryifusersputinformationintodifferentplaces;thatwillberesolvedsoonenough.
Categoryidentification
Basedontheresultsofthecard-sortingactivity,thedesignercomposesinitialcategorylabelsforthesite.Oncealistofcategoriesismade,participantsarethenaskedtotakeeachobjectintheentireWebsiteandindicatewhichcategorytheywouldexpectto"clickon"tofindtheobjects.
Whenthedataiscollectedfromalltheparticipants,ameasureofconsensusshouldbeobtained.Todeterminethis,calculateforeachWebsiteobjectthepercentageofusersthatagreedoneachcategorylabel.Previousresearchshowsthatdesignersshouldsetagoalofatleast70percentoftheWebsiteobjectsreachingatleast80percentconsensus.Forobjectsconsistentlysplitacrosstwocategories,youmaywanttolinktothecontentfrombothpages.
Categorydescription
Forthisnextactivity,youwillpresentparticipantswiththeproposedcategorylabelsforthesite(thesamelabelsthatwereusedincategoryidentification)andaskthemtodescribetheinformationtheywouldexpecttofindiftheyclickedonthatparticularlabel.Thedescriptionshouldconsistofabrieftwo-to-three-sentencedefinitionofthecategoryalongwithexamplesofitemstheuserwouldexpecttofindunderthislabel.Afteruserscompletetheirdescriptionofthelabel,askthemtoratethelevelofconfidencetheyhaveinthedescriptiontheyjustprovided.
Inevaluatingtheresultsofthisactivity,thedesignerislookingfor:1)highconfidencelevelsfromtheparticipants,and2)correctdefinitionsandexamplesforeachcategorylabel.(Anadditionalbenefit:Usersmayprovideadditionalcontentideasthatthedesignerhadnotpreviouslythoughtof).
Note:Ifthesamesetofusersarecompletingboththecategoryidentificationandcategorydescriptionactivities,theorderoftheseactivitiesshouldbebalancedtocontrolforordereffects.(Thatis,whileonehalfoftheparticipantsperformtheactivitiesinacertainorder,theremainingparticipantsperformtheactivitiesinreverseordertominimizeorderbias.)
Categorylabeling
Thisfinalorganizationactivityismosthelpfulwhenyouarehavingdifficultycomingupwiththebestlabelforaparticularcategory.Duringthisactivity,usersarepresentedwithsamplecontentsforaparticularcategoryalongwiththreetofivelabelsthataredescriptiveofthatcategory(thiscanbedoneforallcategoriesorjusttheonesyouarehavingdifficultywith).Usersareaskedtoscantheinformationandchoosethebestlabelfortheinformationortoenteranewlabelinawrite-infield.
Whenanalyzingthedata,lookforahighconsensusforthelabelschosen.Ifyou'rehavingdifficultyachievingconsensus,itmightbetheresultofpoorcategorygroupings,inwhichcasemoreiterationsofthecategoryidentificationanddescriptiontasksarenecessary.
Note:Ifthisactivityisperformedwiththesamesetofusersasthecategoryidentificationanddescriptiontasks,itshouldbeperformedlas
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