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论文设计 题目: 心理的坚强与脆弱 ——论海明威人生经历对其自身 及其作品《老人与海》的影响 学 院 外国语学院 专 业 英语 班 级 英语 0902 学 号 2009110113 姓 名 朱彬 指导教师 韩慧霞 山东财经大学教务处制 二O一三年五月 山东财经大学学士学位
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论文Tough Guy’s Fragile Mentality – Effects ofLife Experiences on Ernest Hemingway and His The Old Man and the Sea by Zhu Bin Under the Supervision of Han Huixia Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2013 B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics Acknowledgments It would not be possible for me to complete the thesis without the generous help ofmany. First and foremost I would like to take this opportunity to convey my sinceregratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Miss Han Huixia under whose supervisionI have obtained valuable ideas and precious suggestions. She is very intelligent onthesis instruction and also shows her great patience to me during my writing. I alsowant to thank all the teachers in the School of Foreign Studies of Shandong Universityof Finance and Economics for their beneficial courses I have attended during mycollege life. Besides I owe my deep thanks to my writing teacher Findlay Nicol whoencouraged me when I needed it and to my first English teacher Mrs. Sue Hangwithout whom I would never find English so interesting and useful. Z. B. ii B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics ABSTRACT Tough Guy’s Fragile Mentality Effects of the Life Experience on Ernest Hemingway and His The Old Man and the Sea Zhu Bin Ernest Miller Hemingway whose works are highly praised by the readers at thattime is one of the greatest writers in the history of literature. Experiencing in WorldWar I Hemingway whose writing style is himself as it were wrote a series of imagesof tough guys in his works such as Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea RobertJordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls and the matadors in Death in the Afternoon. In thethesis Chapter One aims to study Hemingway’s living background of creating The OldMan and the Sea including experience of World War I and the Lost Generation.Chapter Two will analyze how the effects of the background reflect on the characters’behavior thinking and speaking in the novel from the view of symbolism. And inChapter Three it analyzes the extreme different status of his writing career and his life.At last a conclusion is drawn about the inevitability of Hemingway’s final tragic end. Key words: Ernest Miller Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea World War Ithe Lost Generation Santiago Hemingway’s death iii B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics 摘要 心理的坚强与脆弱——论海明威人生经历对其自身及作品《老人与海》的影响 朱 彬 欧内斯特米勒尔海明威,是人类历史上一位伟大的文学家,他的许多作品都受到了人们的广泛欢迎。
曾经参加过一战的海明威,文风如其人, 如 塑造了一系列的硬汉形象, 《老 《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的罗伯特乔丹,以及《死在午后》中的人与海》中的老渔夫圣地亚哥,斗牛士们。
本文则主要通过对《老人与海》作品创作的时代背景的研究,从象征主义角度来对应分析在小说中的人物语言、心理和行动的体现,进而说明海明威最后的悲惨命运的必然性。
《老人与海》 关键词: ;第一次世界大战;迷失的一代;圣地亚哥;海明威之死;海明威 iv B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics CONTENTSAcknowledgments…………………………………………………iiAbstract………………………………………………………….…iiiAbstract in Chinese………………………………………………ivIntroduction…………………………………………………………1Chapter One Life Experience of Ernest Hemingway..…………3 I. Experience of World War I……………………………………3 II. The Lost Generation……………………………………………4Chapter Two Characters Analyzing according to Hemingway’sExperience…………………………………………………………..7 I. Santiago…………………………………………………………7 II. The Nameless Boy……………………………………………10 III. The Shark and Difficulties It Symbolized……………………11Chapter Three Extreme Differences between Hemingway’s Lifeand Writing Career………………………………………………13 I. Summits of Hemingway’s Literary works …………………… 13 II. Hemingway’s Inevitable End of His Life……………………13Conclusion…………..……………………………….……………16Works Cited……………………………………………………..…17 v B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics Introduction Ernest Miller Hemingway 18991961 who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20thcentury is one of the most distinguished as well as the most widely read representativenovelists of “the Lost Generation” in American literature. He was born on July 21 1899in Oak Park Illinois and died in Ketchum Idaho in 1961. He lived in a small familywith his parents. His father who was passionate for hunting and fishing is a rector formuch of his life. And so is his mother Hemingway was passionate for literature. DuringHemingway’s education and writing life her father was the most important guide for hehelped build his brave and tough spirit. That is the reason why Hemingway was soanxious to join in the army to the war. And that experience gave great contribution to hiswriting career. His growing environment built him a man who was passionate for adventure andfight never willing to give up before any difficult situation. This spirit goes to his works.All his works’ main roles are well-known as tough guys. And so is Hemingway himself. The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls and The OldMan and the Sea are his magnum opus. The Old Man and the Sea brought him thePulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize in 1954. “In modern world never a reader that has read Hemingway does not know aboutThe Old Man and the Sea” 31 said Phillips Yang a critic of America who pointed outthe important status of Hemingway and his work The Old Man and the Sea in modernliterature with just several words. Indeed The Old Man and the Sea has become one of Hemingway’s biggestmasterpieces in his readers’ hearts. “Once I hold up this book it feels like I have foundthe thing I have been chasing for my whole life” James 17. Many scholars havestudied this masterpiece in its symbolism Hemingway’s “tough guy” image or itsrelationship with his war experience. In this article his living background is to be 1 B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economicsanalyzed before presenting the reason for this novel’s coming out and its impact. Andthen the conclusion about his death is stated. This thesis studies the relationship between Hemingway’s writing’s high summitand his life’s lowest end his suicide by analyzing his life experience and hismasterpiece The Old Man and the Sea. In addition to introduction and conclusion thethesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces life experiences ofHemingway including the experience of World War I and the Lost Generation. Thesecond chapter analyses the main characters in his The Old Man and the Sea to explaintheir symbolic meaning in Hemingway’s life. The third chapter discusses the inherentconnection between Hemingway’s death and his literary achievement and reveals thereason why he committed suicide. 2 B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics Chapter One Life Experience of Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway is a great giant of modern literature. Among twentieth-centuryAmerican novel writers his work is often compared to that of his contemporaries suchas William Faulkner and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Combined with his outstanding shortstories Hemingway’s four major novels – The Sun Also Rises 1926 A Farewell toArms 1929 For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 and The Old Man and the Sea 1952 –comprise a great contribution to modern fiction that is far greater than others such asFitzgerald and Faulkner. His great achievement started with his early young time. Hemingway was born in a doctor’s family in July 21 1899 Chicago Illinois. Hehad a literature-loving mother and a hunting-loving father both of whom had greatinfluence on his following life. He held great passions for literature under his motherand he liked outdoor activities and adventure because of his father. We could believethat a job combined with literature and adventure would be his ideal one. So after sixmonths’ work in a local newspaper he joined the army as a journalist when World War Ibroke out to fulfill his teenage dream.I. World War I At the very beginning of World War I Hemingway took active part in applying forarmy but failed because of his eye problem. He managed to join in the Red Cross toserve others. Hemingway got wounded twice during the war time one of which made him haveto operate for 12 times to get out the shrapnel from his body and there were still someof them left. His spine brain liver and kidney all had been wounded seriously. He washonored the Cross Medal the Silver Medal by the Italian government. Accompanyingwith these honors was the demonic war memory that never faded away and wounds. 3 B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics Those adventurous and legendary experiences led him to thinking about man’s fate.It brought him not only terrible memories and endless pain but also strengthened hischaracter of a real tough guy. When he was still young he loved adventures andchallenges. The war enhanced that passion. And then he drew a conclusion: that is theunique Hemingway-style tough guy who can be defeated but never destroyed. Santiagoin the old man and the sea was the best representative. A lot of his famous works werewritten upon these war experiences such as The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to ArmsFor Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea. What they had in common wasthat all of them carried on Hemingway’s strong personality and undefeated will as a“tough guy”. At the same time war’s negative impact also influences Hemingway in his lifewhich played a very important role in his final fate in an undetected way. Whatever theaim is and however publicized a war is always cruel terrible and inhuman. “Military acts of any country are ultimately for its own national and economicprofits” Tang. War is one of the necessary means to achieve national profits. Eventhough the war is waged on the pretext of defense or peace their true aim is for theirown good at the cost of innumerable innocent people’s lives and homes. The shock between ideal and reality on his mind hurt himself. He was never afraidof death and he was willing to fight for others’ good. During the war he once planned todrive a launch to sink the enemy’s submarine in a suicide way. But after his desperatefight he found him deceived by the government. Anyone experienced this dark thing had shadows in his heart. For Hemingwaythese appeared obviously when he returned from war field. II. The Lost Generation Literature of “the lost generation” is tightly connected with the name of ErnestHemingway. It is a middle school literature between the realistic one and the modernistone which appeared in America after World War I. It has no common program or fixedorganizations. But most writers of them has the same experience. Themselves or theirrelatives mostly had been to the war and came back with strong anti-war sentiments. 4 B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics Having witnessed the hypocritical western civilization they lost their dreams andfaith. They could not find their way out this confusion. They thought war was for justiceand for most people’s good. But when they met the truth that war was for somepeople’s private benefits at the price of innocent people’s lives they found that theirmeaning of life and value was opposite to the common society. They were fooled. Theybelieved they were sacrificing for all the others but to find out that was for some interestgroups and a few people. They got confused between their ideal and the reality becausethey did not know which was really right and meaningful. Their works are always describing people’s miserable experience of suffering thewar physically and mentally. They try to break the traditional rules and achieve theinnovation by using modernism expression such as symbolism and stream ofconsciousness. According to all of these a female American writer Stein appraisedthese young writers including Hemingway as “the lost generation”. In A Moveable Feast which was published after both Hemingway and Stein were dead and after a literary feud that lasted much of their life Hemingway reveals that the phrase was actually originated by the garage owner who serviced Stein’s car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car in a way satisfactory to Stein the garage owner shouted at the boy “You are all a ‘génération perdue’.” Stein in telling Hemingway the story added “That is what you are. That’s what you all are ... all of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation.” Stein 26 Hemingway appreciates it so much.