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天津师范大学 硕士学位
论文 汉语祈使句语调初探 级别:硕士专业:外国语言学及应用语言学 指导教师:路继伦 20070501 摘 要 本文采用实验语音学的方法,对汉语普通话的祈使句,尤其是表示请求、劝说等语气较为和缓的祈使旬,在文中称为弱祈使,按长短及功能分类并以语调基频为主要观测点利用电脑软件进行语调音系分析,采用自主音段一节律音系学理论作为音系分析的主要理论依据,得出汉语弱祈使旬的基频特点。
实验表明,边界调对于句子类型的界定有重要作用。
祈使句的起始及结尾处的基频会可能高于陈述句,但基频曲线的下倾幅度通常要比陈述句稍大.祈使句语气的弱化通常体现在以下几个方面:降低基频、缩小基频范围、以及抬高边界调。
与陈述句相比,弱祈使边界调基频的抬高多数在40%以内,降低也在200以内。
在汉语语调的音系描述中,字调也应包括在内,语调的描述可以体现于在字调基础上附加的边界调。
本文认为对于Pierrehumbert的AM理论不应照搬于汉语的描述上。
适应汉语特点的调整是必要的。
对于弱祈使句的起始与结束处的边界调,高低组合及变化是多样的,但在本文的实验中唯一没有出现过的就是低起始边界调,正常尾边界调的句子,描写为【L.铲1。
本文的语音实验验证了刘丹青(2005)提出的观点:各类弱祈使的语调由弱到强呈现渐变的过程。
没有一个具体的尺度划分不同类型的句子。
总的来说,文中出现的几种弱祈使由弱到强可以排列为:劝说、建议、请求、催促、呼救。
陈述句的语调与表示劝说的祈使句相似,但后者的语调强弱范围要更宽些。
关键词:祈使、语调、基频、音高、声调 This paper investigates the intonation of imperatives,especially those havingmild mood such as request and persuasion,in Mandarin Chinese.These sentences a坞called weak imperatives in this paper.Grouping the sentences by length and function,with the help of computer,and focusing On the fundamental fi’equency,this papertries to summarize the pitch pattern of Chin鼬weak imperatives.Many ideas andmethods ofphonological description ale borrowed from Pierrehumbert’s AM theory. The experiments show that boundary tone is crucial in deciding the sentencepattern.The starting and ending pitch of imperatives may be higher than those ofstatements,but the declining tendency is usually a little stronger than that of thecorresponding statements.The weak intonation is shown in the following features:low fundamental frequency,narrow pitch range,and the rising of boundary tone.Comparing to the statements,the rising of weak imperatives’boundary tone isalways within 400/0 of the pitch height(measured by Hz)of the correspondingstatements,and the lowering within 200 of the pitch height of the corresponding Tone needs to be taken into ennsideration in the phonological description ofChin雠intonation.The intonation啪be shown in the boundary tone)on tbefoundation of tone.This paper supports the idea that the description of Chin黜intonation cannot copy the AM theory,and changes to meet the characteristics of The combinations ofH and L ofbeginning and ending boundary tones in weak 谳imperatives are various.The彻哆pattern that doesnot exist is【I 9铲1,which relatesto sentences that starts丽th a low boundary tone and ends with a normal tone. There is a continuum ofchange a口nong different types ofweak imperatives.andthere are no clear cuts between different types.In general,the weak imperatives citedin this paper can be listed from the weak to the strong as follows:persuasion,advice,request,urgency,and crying for help.The intonation ofstatement is similar to that ofpersuasion,but the latter extends more in terms ofthe s心ength ofintonation. Key words:imperatives,intonation,FO,pitch,tone oR【GINALITY RESEARCH STATEM匝NT
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签铀一:每栅 日期Date: ACKNoWLEDGM哐NTS Many people have given me help during my study.First,my sincere g阳litIldegoes to Professor Lu Jihm,my Supervisor,who giw me insightful instructions to mythesis.He百V船me gnidance when I鲥lost in the research and encouragementwhen I have difficulties.Without his patience and instructions,I cannot finish thispaper and get 80 much new knowledge at the same time. I also want to thank all the teachers who enlighten me in my study oflinguistics.Professor Gu Gang leads me into the science of linguistics and makes me love thiscolorful field.Professor Wang Jialing’s insightful instruaions always awake mewhen I anl blocked in the study of phonology.I benefit a lot from his wisdom andrich experi∞嘲in the study ofphonology.Attending his class is really a pleasure forme,which is not only a chance to solve my puzzles in phonology,but also a way tolearn how to be a scholar and a teacher.R is a great honor to be a student ofall these 1 would like to express my appreciation to all the teachers in the office of theForeign Languages College ofTianjin Normal University for their support to me andmy study.In particular,1 would like to thank Mr.Li Yonghua and Ms Yang Fang for To my dear fellow classmates and friends,1 would like to既pl臀s mythankfidness for their support and encouragement when 1 was low in spiriLEspecially,1 want to thank for Li Ymgjie and Li Chen,who help me to get the audiomaterial I USe in my thesis;and thank Feng Jing and Y’m Yadong for theirunderstanding and help. To my dear parents,it will nevet-be too much gratitude and gratefulness toexpress my feelings to them.They are always my strongest¥ourc宅of support andChapter I Introduction People have been exploring the mysteries of the languages for a long time,butWe still cannot solve many the problems on the magical phenomenon created byourselves,especially on the transient speech sounds.This thesis aims to find someregulations in the intonation ofChinese weak imperative sentences.1.1 The Theoretical Baekgronnd ofWestern Intonation Study The phonological theory has been developed greatly since the publication ofSound Pattern ofEnglish by Chomsky and Halle in 1968.This influential book setup a phonological theory known as SPE.One character ofthis model Was linear for ittreats all kinds of sound traits as linearly ordered features and every segment Was aself-contained list of features.This model and the phonological derivations used inthe book showed great advantages in explaining some phenomena in human speech,but it met a kind of plight when it canle to sonlo suprasegmental features.Forexample,it could not explain why some segments we曩’e changed 01”even deleted insolne African tonal languages,while the tones remained.As the evidenceacct船ulated,new phonological theories came to life,which Were called non-linearphonology.There Were many schools in non-lineax phonology,and each had a specialemphasis.However,generally speaking,all the schools admitted that the linguisticelements belonged to different tiers,and all the elements firstly linked with a middleskeletal tier,and then with the segmental tier by association lines. Many non-linear theories were set up on the foundation ofresearches about toneand intonation.So next,1 would take a brief review on intonation study by westernscholars. The first book brought l】p autosegmental phonology,011e kind of theory in thenon-linear model。
was John Goldsmith’s Autosegmental Phonology in 1976.Thisbook pointed out that some tonal features might be shared by more than onesegments.He thought that tonc lies in a separate tier from segment and keepscomparatively independent during the derivation,and it associates with thetone-bearing unit ofthe segment with the help ofassociation lines.For example, ekue obo ‖ I卜\ H LH L Pierrehumbert(1980)summarized a way to do phonological analysis ofEnglishintonation,which Was later called autosegmental—metrical theory(shortened for AMtheory).It gives art account for what different tunes黜possible and how they arealigned with different texts.It characterizes the rules which map the underlyingrepresentations into phonetic realizations(Pierrehumbert 1980). AM theory considers intonation contour as phonological unit composing by twooriginal level tones:tone H and tone L which are on the different level from the textand are associated with it according to the prosodic structure of the text at the默岫ctime.A well formed tonal sequence should contain one o旷more pitch accents thenfollowed by a phrase accent,then a boundary tone.According to Pierrehumbert(1980),in En西isg there are 8even pitch accents,two boundary tones and two phraseaccents.All these pitch events can be d镐cribed by the original tone H and tofle k 2 Pitch accent:H+,L‘,H++I『’H-+L},L++H-,L.-+H‘,H++H— Phrase accent:n L. Boundary tone:H%.L% The pitch accent falls on the nuclear s血’ess of a phrase.The boundary tonealways app∞巧at the boundaries of a phrase no matter what kind of pitch patternhappens before it.As for the phrase accent,it closely follows the nuclear accent,nOmatter how close it is with the boundary tone.And notice that there m 110combinations like L__+L·or L·+II-in the patterns ofpitch accent. Tones with or without st舡’s c觚be se∞鹬the stressed or unstressed feet inmetrical theory.The diacritics‘。
’’here stands for phrase accents and all unstarredpitch accents.It is also important to note that the diacritics。
,%,and—here al”eunrelated to tonal value,and theyjust show the different ways ofthe tones associatedwith the text. 3 The grammar that produces qualified〔une is summarized as foUows: V瞄\ ‖又Ⅵ夕时 Within the fi’amcwork of AM theory,the research on eastern and westernlanguages including English,French,and Japanese has got encouraging fruits. Next let’s take a look at¥omo basic definitions of intonation,and then We cansee the systematic study ofintonation is not only feasible but also fruitful. Alan C栅cnden thinks that intonation involves the oca岫瑚∞of r02urringpitch patterns,each of which is used丽tll a set of relatively consistent meanings,either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.Grammaticalconstituents of any level up to at least the sentence may be treated as separateintonation·孕Dl】ps having their own meaningful tune(Cmttenden 2002).From thisanalysis,we consider that doing research on intonation according to sentence type is In Yip(200s),there is a citation from Ladd(1997)of a useful workingdefinition of intonation:‘the nse of suprasegmental pl删c features to convey 4”postlexieal”Or sentence-level pragmatic meanings in a linguistically structuredway’.Here Yip fllI恤el”broadens‘pragmatic meanings’to‘information’,hel他*byencompassing syntactic and semantic information船well勰pragmaties(Ⅵp 1005).This dearly shows that intonation has patterns and a certain pattern c觚convey Yip also叫l〔1amlll’ics the relation b咖e吼tone and intonation,which is also雒clement ne。
ds to concel31 in this thesis.Tone is not SO unchangeable in扛ue幻∞languages,and it is not entirely for the purposes oflexieal contrast.Intonation in tonelanguages is only slightly mole limited than it is in non-tonal languages.There眦four main mechanisms at the phrasal level.First,the entire pitch register may bemoved up 01”down,SO that all tone8黜hi曲er of lower in pitch than usual.Second,the pitch range may be widened Or narrowed.Third,boundary tones may be inserted砒domain edges.Fourth,dowmtep may apply within flomc prosodic domain Oil,2005).In a tolll{language these mechanisms cannot be given as free a rein as it is in anon-tonal language,and at least complete contradiction of intonational pattorn andtolle should be avoided,but basic ftmetions of intonation remain in tone languages.This analysis gives 118 a profile in the study of intonation in tonal languages likeChin髂e.We repeatedly mention the studied language because there is 110eros.q-linguistic guarantee that any particular semantics is associated with anyparticular intonation.For example,echo qucstiom in American English usually havea high rising intonation,but in Mandarin they 81”e low and breathy(alao 1968). Gussenlaoven(2004)points out that languages U8e pitch variation eontrastivdy 5for the expression of diseoursal meaning and for marking phrases.Intonation isstructural jUSt as lcxieal tone is structural,or morphological paradigms ale.We锄know mole about 01111”languages in studying the intonational sll’ucture.1.2 The Theoretical Baekgrolmcl of Clainese Intonation Study Compares to English,Chinese is mo糯complicated in intonation for it has tones.Chinese scholars have probed into related problems and gained some fruits. As for the definition ofintonation,there generally two groups ofideas.0ne arethinks that intonation is the pitch change of蛆ttttcrance.Some scholars a糟for thisposition,for example Daniel Jones gives similar definition in his book An Outline ofEnglish Phonetics.Xu Shirong also says intonation is the change ofhigh and low ofall utter’dnce,and it is a kind ofpitch phenomenonjust the flame with tone(Xu 1980).Some scholars ale in this group:Wu Zongii,Zhou Tongehun,Luo Anyuan,and JinYasheng pie 200〕).The others think that intonation relates not only to pitch change,but also to volume,length,and the quality ofphones.Scholars like Zhou Vianfh,Luoc’lmgt∞i,Wang J峨Hu Mingyang,Slai Peiwen,Hu Yuslau and others support thisidea.The ill,st group is called micro schooll,and they do research 011 intonation in allisolated way.The latter group is called macro selaool,who relates the rescarela onintonation with theories on sentence type,eommtmicative ftmetion ofintonation,andthe psyelae of¥1塌lkets.They look at problems of intonation in a broader s锄∞.andthinks that intonation is closely related with pitch,vohlme,speed,rhytIlIn’and pause’The“micro school”and”macro school”at the following ate translated by the author oftlaistills.The original phrases a∞ChJllcse. 6(Guo 1993). Now most scholars hold the latter idea.For example,Cao(2002)points out thetwo groups ofideas differently.She says, /n a ofa language is the intens砂ofspeech sound broad sense,intonation and the high and low oftune in perception;in acoustics it is the synthesis effect ofmanyprosodic elements includingpitch,length,intensity,and their harmonic change,and it mainty represents as the general pattern of the pitch change of utterance;functionally speaking ff mainty expre¥se¥mood and emotion,w^如sometimes it also distinguishes meanings.In a narrow sense,intonation妇the tunepattern ofan utterance,that扫to say the outline of the pitch change,and is always described砂the movement trend of syllables. Guo(1993)summarizes the elements of intonation as-the change of pitchheight,pitch movement,and pitch range,the rhythm(speed and pause),grammatical Shen Jiong’S definition represents the pervading idea:intonation takes the pitchrange as the foundation,and relates to pause,emphatic stress and rhythmic stress(Shan 1994). The complication of Chinese intonation study lies in the mixture of tone andintonation.Chinese scholars also have made efforts in solving it.Most scholars agreethat intonation in tone language is very different from that in non-tone language.Intonation is a kind ofpitch adjust format organized by a string ofpitch range,whiletone is the curves slide within the range ofintonation.Intonation canjustify the tonerange,and the change oftone range mainly shows Oil the quantitative modification ofthe tone cI:lrve.Experiment also shows that intonation call affect the upper and lowerlimit of the range,which becomes the expressive method of intonation(Shan Jiong1985). 7 In Crao(1993),there is a brief stmamary of the interrelationship betwcatl toneand intonation.Chao Y&thinks that in real utterance.the tone and intonation addup together.There a∞two kinds of addition:simultaneous addition and S’llCCcssiyt,addition.Two of Clmo’s ideas ale important.One is that intonation CO-exists withtone,and it is not a pitch variation independent oftone;the other is that tone will berestricted by intonation thus expanding Olr compressing. I-Iu(1987)doem’t舭with the idea of addition.He believes that thescntenee-五mal intonation i8 independent fi-om tone.Xu¥1airong thinks intonation canchange the tone a bit.but nev盯alter it fundamentally,except shouting slogans whenthe en,tiag syllable c锄be a high lcvd tulle.Wu Zongji points out that tone sandhi isthe basic element in constructing pitch structure.The sp俄d Call have a flatten effectOn intonation. Intonation also has its structures.Many prosodic elements can be generalized bya simple and unified model,and they include tone,rhythmical slrcs¥,stress pattern,emphatic stress,intonation stl’ueture,functional intonation,and mood intonation,etc.The sla’ueture of tone c姐be described aS:r,re-heack head,nucleus,and tail(Sh∞1994).Not every part of the intonation is important.The nucleus and tail a坞tlaecentral dements.Chincsc intonation shows嬲pitch accent and boundary tone,andonly bo咖dary tone Call distinguish a question and a statement(T in 2004).1.3 Research Q,eslions Having reviewed the intonation study at home and abroad,帅can蝴thatseholaa’s have got racy aelaicvements in this relatively new field,but there a∞still 8 There ale not many researches on the intonation type of imperative sentences,and even if there a他the analysis is general.We know that there are many types ofimperative sentences and there ale huge differences among them,just speaking ofintonation pattern.There黜no detailed end systematic analyses about this. Most ofthe researches on Chinese intonation only include phonetic analysis enddescription,while lacking of phonological generalization.The trend is that tocombine the phonetic end phonological analysis,probing on the relation be帆veen thephonetic and phonological rules and solving the mapping problem from phonological According to Pierrehumbert 09so),we can use evaluation rules to abstract thepitch勰target values described as H and L from left to right;then the second step,touse interpolation rules to connect the target values as a continuative F0 CtU’Ve.Thispaper is intented to啪part of Pierrehumbert’fl ideas.trying to give a phonologicalanalysis ofthe intonation pattern ofsome certain types on imperative sentences。
Theproblem ofsentence type will be discussed in the next chapter. 9Chapter H Previous Researches on the Type of Chinese Sentences2.1 Researches on the Type of Chinese Sentences Imperative sentences aro sentences that require someoIIc to do something or notto do something.An imperative sentence usually has a falling tone in the final part,and syllables in the latter part of the sentence will speed up if the sentence isrelatively long.The intensity will usually be sh,onger than statements(Fan 1998). There are several types ofimperative sentences:command,request,interdiction,persuasion,hurrying,consult,permission,wish,calling on,reminding,warning,threatening,and joking.These types a∞set according to their meanings andfunctions in communication.As for a standard to analyze the intonation ofimperative Imperative is a kind of direct speech,whose action power can be ShOWn bydifferent imperative force,such as command,request,requirinf,and begging,.Negative imperative also has a similar scalc’and from strong to weak there aleinterdiction,forbidding,persuasions,and SO on(Liu 2005).In this paper,the actualfunctions of sente懈arc not the focus.The imperative force is generally gradedform strong to weak.Clearly command has the strongest imperative force,whilepersuasion,wish and SO on are w韶_ker.2.2 Questions and the Focus ofThis Paper As We have summarized above,the essence of imperative seenls not clear.Theway to classify it also剐x删clumsy,violating the economy principle.It is hoped that 10after the analysis ofsome weak imperatives and the comparative study,a clearex mapof imperative can come l|p.To be clear,in this paper,request,pePsua¥ion and similarimperatives撕called weak imperatives.which are the focus ofthis thesis.Chapter m Phonetic Experiment and Phonological Analysis ofWeak Imperative Sentences3.1 Experiment Measurements3.1.1 Resources of the Model Sentences There are mainly two n昭our嘲of the model sentences in this paper.First,sentences in this cJAapter黜taken from the DVD of a Korean TV series Da ChangJin,for it is easily avmlable and has the potential to possess imperative sentences.The model sentences are directly recorded as wave files.The software Goldwave isused to cut the model sentences out of the wave files.There are altogetdtcr 128santances cut from the Tv讪童y,68 of them are amlyzed,and 13黜adopted in thischapter.The sentences appear in this chapter and their English translations are inappendix 1.3.1.2 Brief Introduction of the Course of the Experiment The sentences in this chapter躺directly recorded form the DVD.and then they躺cut into appropriate length、Ⅳi也Goldwave.The drawing of pitch contour,dataabsUacting,and phonetic annotation ale finished with the phonetic software Praat. As for the pitch setting during the analysis in this part,the pitch is form 75Hz to300Hz for men,100Hz to 500Hz for women and 200Hz to 700Hz for children.Exceptional cases蛳noted below the figures and tables.As a common practice,thefundamental/莹equeney(F0)is used to represent the pitch. The tmit of phonetic atmotation is any prosodic unit that has distinctiveintonation features.SO it may be a syllable,a word,a phrase,01”a dame.In this way,a SO called‘’model sentence’’may not be a complete sentence,and it may be as short鹤a syllable.硼k model scntcneos 111”1e cut at the right length,SO the noise part钟excluded form the figures.Chin雠equivalences of the models a阳listed in the In each table,text gricI,timing of the model,starting FO,ending FO,maximl.unFO,minilnl.ml FO.pitch range,and the average FO m included.The timing ismea期棚by seeonck and the lelt items ale all measured by Hz.OJnits like secondand Hz will be abbreviated in the following tables.)3.1.3 Theory used触Plao.ologieal A.alysis Most part of the main body is phonetic analysis.As for the phonologicalanalysis of the intonation of the model sentences,SOnle of Pierrehumbert’s symbols躺borrowed.The bmd8ry tones哦represented by H%and L%and the pitchaccents∽ShOWn by different combinations of H,k H‘and L+.The symbols forthe phrase aee∞t Ir and L.m not used here.One thing to notice is that Chinelte is atonal language,SO the description ofintonation cannot ignore the existence oftone.IfSite slrietly follow the way used by l’ierrehumbert,the dcseriptiOn will tell nothing.So this thesis adopts the way勰follows:noto down the tones of the eharaetet瞎andtlI脚add diacritics to them.The symbols for tono 1 to tone 4辩HH,LH,LL,and 13......