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论文(英文题目)”Lake Poets” in the history of English literature (中文题目)英国文学史上的“湖畔诗人” 专 业 名 称 : 英语专业本科
论文作者姓名 : 刘志辉 准 考 证 号 : 078203200008 论 文 类 型 : 文学批评
论文完成日期 : 2006/08/26 联 系 方 式 : 河南省辉县市第二职业高中 (0373-6296515)quotLake Poetsquot in the history of English literature 摘要: 湖 畔 诗 人 就 是 一 组 英 国 诗 人 ,Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth.他们居住在英格兰东北的”湖区”,是18世 纪至19世纪时期浪漫主义运动的一部分.受到法国大 革命和英国工业革命的影响,他们在诗歌创作方面做 了大胆的 改革,无论是在诗体语言还是在主题。
的 选择上都有独到的见解. William Wordsworth 被 人喻为自然的膜拜者. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 不 但是著名的诗人也是一流的文学批评家. 然而Robert Southey却更为将精力注意到人人平等的大同社会上 来. Abstract: The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth. They in lived the ”Lake District” in northwestern England. This group was part of the Romantic of Movement the late 1700’s and early 1800’s. They were inspired by The French Revolution and The English Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter on poetry language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as ”worshipper of nature”. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southy pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known as ”Pantisocracy”. 关键字: 浪漫主义时期,自然,超自然,想象,改革,简化语 言,内在世界,精神实质,平常生活,民主,大同社 会 Key words: The Romantic Period, nature, super nature, imagination, innovation, simple language, inner world, spirit, common life, democratic, Pantisocracy OutlineThesis: quotLake Poetsquot Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert Southey and William Wordsworth marks the beginning of Romanticism. They improve the poetry writing with an entire new conception especially they composed their poems about nature and imagination which is very different from those in neoclassical period. 1 The background of quotLake Poetsquot: 1.The French Revolution and the English IndustrialRevolution 2.Influence of the economic exploitation 2 Features of quotLake Poetsquot: 1 . They explored new theories and innovated newtechniques in poetry writing. 2 . They believed that poetry could purify bothindividuals and society. A. Nature B. Imagination and inspiration 3William Wordsworth 1.Career 2.Mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his works Samuel Taylor Coleridge his works. 1.career 2 . mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his works Robert Southey 1.career 2.mayor features in poetry writingquotLake Poetsquot in the history of English literature The English romanticism as a historical phase ofliterature is generally said to have began in 1798 and endedin 1832. However at this great period there are three greatpoets who cannot be ignored Samuel Taylor Coleridge RobertSouthey and William Wordsworth. These three poets are known as the quotLake Poetsquot becausethey once settled at Dove Cottage in Crasmere Westmorelandthe loveliest spot in the English Lake District. The quotLake Poetsquot play a transitional role between old andnew styles in the poetry development in literature historyespecially in the English history. In their works we see theinfluence from both the past and the modern. 1 During the Romantic period there have been great changesin both European society and economy which were actuallyprovoked by two important revolutions the French Revolutionand the English Industrial Revolution. And as a result someof the great imaginative writings in the Romantic period sprangfrom the confrontation of radicals and conservatives at theclose of the 18th century. While quotthe lake poetsquot choosenature imagination as their poetic subjects other great poetssuch as George Gordon Byron showed a lasting contempt for whathe considered the commonplace and vulgarity of the quotlake poetsquot.Because they think the quotlake poetsquot to some extent are tooconservative in their period. The other key element for the exiting of the quotlake poetsquotis the cruel economic exploitation. As a consequence of theEnglish Industrial revolution the European Society emerged anew Labor Class. Though the social wealth had been increasedby several times it was only the rich who owned this wealth.The majority of the people were still poor or even poorer. Theromantics with the quotlake poetsquot as a leader saw both thecorruption of the feudal societies and the exploitation inmodern capitalist society. Under such condition the quotlakepoetsquot emphasized the special qualities of each individualsmind. Wordsworth quotThe Solitary Reaperquot Coleridge quotfrost atnightquot Southy quotWinterquot are all such poems. So we can see they pay more attention to portray theindividuals experience. Its a typical character of the quotlakepoetsquot to place the individual at the center of art in orderto express his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes. 2 With the coming of the French Revolution in 1798 and theprimarily agricultural society replaced by a modernindustrialized one these three poets inspired an entire newpoetic revolution. At first they started a rebellion against the neoclassicalliterature. They explored new theories and innovated newtechniques in poetry writing. As we all know theneoclassicists had some fixed rules and laws for almost everygenre of literature. Poetry should be lyrical didactic satiricor dramatic and be strictly guided by principles. Theneoclassicists also emphasized upon reason and intellect.However the romantics started a poetic revolution. SamuelTaylor Coleridge Robert Southey and William Wordsworth withthe publication of quotLyrical Balladsquot were the majorrepresentatives of this movement. We can get such ideas fromthe following examples: quotThe Ancient Marinerquot written byColeridge quotThe preludequot__1 written by Wordsworth. In thesefamous poems we can see they have made bold experiments inpoetic language versification and design. Second they believe that poetry could purify bothindividual and the society. At one hand they chose to live bythe lakeside so as to escape from the rational and ugly society.At other hand they also want to achieve their wishful societyin the imagination. 1.Imagination and inspiration defined by Coleridge is regarded as something crucial for true poetry. “Kubla Khan” as we all know was composed in a dream after Coleridge took opium. “So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree And here were forests ancient as the hills enfolding sunny spots of greenery. ”__2 When we read these great lines we are deeply impressed by the image of the river the magnificent palace and other marvelous. We can hardly believe they were worked out in his unconsciousness. Similar examples can also be found from works of Robert Souhey which contained a lot of vaguely Hindu tales.2. The nature world is the first thing coming into ‘poets’ imagination. “I wandered lonely as a cloud The floats on high over vales and hills When all at once I saw a crowd A host of golden daffodils Besides the lake beneath the trees Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.quot___3 Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after he came across a long belt of gold daffodils along the waterside. In this poem nature is not only his source of imagination but also his poetic subject. But when we read it a second time maybe we can realize that the writer want to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude. 3 Since the quotlake Poetsquot refers to three great Englishpoets lets appreciate them respectively. 1.William Wordsworth William Wordsworth is a leading figure of the Englishromantic poetry. The most important contribution he hasmade is that he has not only started the modern poetry butalso changed the course of English poetry by using ordinaryspeech of the language and by advocating a return to nature. William Wordsworth was born in an attorney family. Asa young boy he developed a keen love of nature whichinfluenced all his rest life. After the French revolutionhis heart was stirred and his imagination fired. HoweverWilliam Wordsworth was conservative in politics whichPercy Bysshe Shelley and George Gordon Byron were stronglyagainst. William Wordsworth had a long poetic career. Though hislife he finished many poem volumes. But maybe the mostfamous one is quotLyrical Balladsquot. That is because thisvolume is different from his early poetry with anuncompromising simple language and fusion of naturaldescription. quotThe Preludequot is also among his best works andis regarded as one of William Wordsworths greatest worksby many critics. Because he expressed his philosophy ideasin it .To him life is a cyclical journey in which thebeginning finally turns out to be its end. According to the subjects William Wordsworths short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life. A. William Wordsworth emphasized the picturesque scenes and gave the reader the very life of nature. He is regarded as the worshipper of nature. But we can also find a deeper moral awareness in his poems. To him nature acts as a bridge between human and certain circumstance. quotWe stood together and that I so long A worshipper of nature hither came Unwearied in that service: rather say With warmer love -- oh with far deeper zeal Of holier love. Nor wilt thou then forget That after many wanderings many years Of absence these steep woods and lofty cliffs And this green pastoral landscape were to me More dear both for themselves and for thy sake quot quotTintern Abbeyquot is one of his masterpieces on nature. Inthis poem we can find the coordination between the wanderersthoughts and the natural scenes. B. The joys and sorrows of the common people are also his usual subject. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor. The quotLucy poemsquot describes a young country girl living a simple live in a remote village. In this poem William Wordsworth used simple language to give the readers the scenesand events of everyday life. In his opinion the speech ofordinary people was the raw material of poetry writing. Byusing limited language Wordsworth worked out an eternaltheme love and loss time and death. quotThe solitary reaperquotquotTo a highland girl are all his masterpieces about humanlife. 2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a son of a clergyman. When he was young he was a lonely sad boy full of dreams in his mind. However after having met Robert Southy he was inspired by the radical thinkers with their idealism. He even joined the Robert Southy in plotting a democratic community in America named pantisocracy. But generally speaking he was a conservative poet. He opposed the rationalistic trends of the 18th century thought. In his opinion quotA poet should realize the vague intimation derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration.quot__4 Samuel Taylor Coleridge is also a good critic in his period. His lectures on Shakespeare proved to be very successful. As a poet he maintained that ‘the true end of poetry is to give pleasure through the medium of beauty’. This conception is same with Wordsworths. However the two great poets also have something different with each other. For example Samuel Taylor Coleridge claimed that there wasessential difference between the language of poetry and thelanguage spoken by common people while William Wordsworththought the speech of ordinary people were the raw materialof poetry writing. Samuel Taylor Coleridges achievement as poet can bedivided into two groups: the demonic and theconversational. A. The demonic group includes his three masterpiecesquotThe Rime of the Ancient Marinerquot quotChritabelquot and quotKublaKhanquot. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination arethe distinctive features of this group. quotThe Rime of theAncient Marinerquot told a story of a sailor who met a strangebird during his adventure trip. The mariner shot it and thendisaster fell onto the ship. Finally only when the marinerblessed for the water snake the ship then can go back home.In this story we can find out Coleridge a more spiritualand religious interpretation of life. While hispredecessors emphasized ‘reason’ Coleridges demonicworks is a great improvement of poetry writing. B: Among the conversational group quotFrost at Midnightquotis the most important. This poem is a record of his personalthought about his infant son Harley in a midnight. Generallyspeaking the conversational groups deal with the themessuch as the desire to go home and wish someone he lovessuccess or experience joy. But in order to get that he mustfail or suffer. 3.Robert Southy As a young student Robert Southy was expelled fromSchool for criticizing the practice of flogging in theschool magazine. This incident helped to fire his youthfulrevolutionary ideals which found expression a few yearslater in his first long poem “Joan of Arc” 1796. Hisattention was taken up by a new friend Samuel TaylorColeridge and his ideas about pantisocracy a scheme toset up a democratic community in America came out. Southeyand Coleridge married two sisters Edith and Sara Fricker.Though there were some ill-feelings over the abandonmentof pantisocracy the two men remained friends. Like Wordsworth and Coleridge he became disillusionedby the progress of the French Revolution. I would like tosuggest that his volume of quotPoemsquot 1799 is some ways ananswer to “Lyrical Ballads” and to describe the contentsof that volume. And he was criticized as a politicalturncoat by the younger generation of Romantic writersnotably in Byrons “Don Juan”. About his revolutionary ideals we can see clearly fromhis poem quotwinterquot quotSome merry jest or tale of murder dire Or troubled spirit that disturbs the night Pausing at times to rouse the mouldering fire Or taste the old October brown and brightquot__5 But also Southy write a lot of poems concerning the slavetrade. Look at the following lines quotHold your mad hands for ever .
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